Timeline of relativity and gravitation

Tomohiro Harada¹ and Umpei Miyamoto²

July 15, 2023

This page is always under construction.

• 1545 “On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres” (N. Copernicus)
• 1619 Three laws of planet motion (J. Kepler)
• 1632 “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World - Ptolemaic and Copernican” (G. Galilei)
• 1638 “Discourses and mathematical demonstrations concerning the two new sciences” (G. Galilei)
• 1686 “Principia” (I. Newton)
• 1781 Possibility of existence of the region from which the light cannot escape (J. Michell)
• 1795 Condition for the region from which the light cannot escape (P.S. Laplace)
• 1892 Lorentz contraction (H.A. Lorentz)
• 1904 Lorentz transformation (H.A. Lorentz)
• 1905 Special relativity (A. Einstein)
• 1907 Minkowski spacetime (H. Minkowski)
• 1915-1916 General relativity (A. Einstein)
• 1916 Schwarzschild solution (K. Schwarzschild)
• 1916 Prediction of gravitational waves (A. Einstein)
• 1916 Discovery of Einstein-Rosen bridge (L. Flamm; A. Einstein and N. Rosen 1935)
• 1917 Static universe model (A. Einstein)
• 1917 Cosmological constant (A. Einstein)
• 1917 Weyl solution (H. Weyl)
• 1918 Lense-Thirring effect (J. Lense and H. Thirring)
• 1922 Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model (A.A. Friedmann)
• 1923 Birkhoff's theorem (G.D. Birkhoff)
• 1931 Chandrasekhar limit (S. Chandrasekhar)
• 1933 Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) solution (G. Lemaitre; R.C. Tolman 1934; H. Bondi 1947)
• 1935 Rediscovery of Einstein-Rosen bridge (A. Einstein and N. Rosen)
• 1936 Uniqueness of the FLRW model (H.P. Robertson, A.G. Walker)
• 1937 On gravitational waves (A. Einstein and N. Rosen, J. Franklin Inst. 223, 43 (1937))
• 1939 Einstein cluster (A. Einstein, Annals of Mathematics 40 (1939) 922)
• 1939 Massive neutron cores (J.R. Oppenheimer and G.M. Volkoff, Phys. Rev. 55 (1939) 374)
• 1939 Oppenheimer-Snyder solution (J.R. Oppenheimer and H. Snyder, Phys. Rev. 56 (1939) 455)
• 1939 “An introduction to the study of stellar structure” (S. Chandrasekhar)
• 1943 Vaidya solution (P.C. Vaidya)
• 1945 Cosmological black hole solution (A. Einstein and E. G. Straus, Review of Modern Physics 17 (1945) 120)
• 1947 Stress-energy pseudo-tensor (L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz)
• 1948 Milne model (E.A. Milne, “Kinematical Relativity”, Claredon Press, 1948)
• 1949 Goedel solution (K. Goedel)
• 1951 Taub solution (A.H. Taub)
• 1955 Raychaudhuri equation (A. Raychaudhuri)
• 1957 Regge-Wheeler equation (T. Regge and J. A. Wheeler, Phys. Rev. 108 (1957) 1063)
• 1959 Quadrupole formula for gravitational radiation (L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz)
• 1960 Kruskal extension (M.D. Kruskal, Phys. Rev. 119 (1960) 1743)
• 1961 Brans-Dicke theory (C. Brans and R.H Dicke)
• 1962 Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) formalism (R. Arnowitt, S. Deser and C.W. Misner)
• 1963 Newman-Unti-Tamburino (NUT) solution (E.T. Newmann, L. Tamburino and T.J. Unti, J. Math. Phys. 4 (1963) 915)
• 1963 Kerr solution (R.P. Kerr, Phys. Rev. Lett. (1963) 11)
• 1963 Gravitational radiation from a binary system (P.C. Peters and J. Mathews, Phys. Rev. 131 (1964) 435)
• 1964 Misner-Sharp formalism (C.W. Misner and D.H. Sharp, Phys. Rev. 136, B571 (1964))
• 1964 “The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes” (S. Chandrasekhar)
• 1965 Singularity theorems (R. Penrose, PRL14, 57 (1965))
• 1965 C-energy (K.S. Thorne, Phys. Rev. 138, B251 (1965))
• 1965 Newman-Janis algorithm (E. T. Newman and A. I. Janis, J. Math. Phys. 6 (1965) 915)
• 1966 Hernandez-Misner formalism (W.C. Hernandez and C.W. Misner)
• 1966 Israel's junction condition (W. Israel)
• 1966 Kantowski-Sachs solution (R. Kantowski and R.K. Sachs)
• 1968 Chaotic singularity (V.A. Belinski, E.M. Lifshitz and I.M. Khalatnikov)
• 1968 Scalar-tensor theory (P.G. Bergmann, R.V. Wagoner 1970)
• 1968 Ernst formalism (F.J. Ernst)
• 1968 Isaacson formalism (R.A. Isaacson)
• 1968 Carter constant (B. Carter, Phys. Rev. 174 (1968) 1559)
• 1969 Weak cosmic cencership hypothesis (R. Penrose, Rivista de Nuovo Cimento, Numero Speziale I, 257 (1969))
• 1969 Penrose process (R. Penrose, Rivista de Nuovo Cimento, Numero Speziale I, 257 (1969), R. Penrose and R. M. Floyd, Nature Physical Science 229, 177 (1971))
• 1970 Singularity theorems (S.W. Hawking, R. Penrose, R. Geroch)
• 1970 Datta-Bondi solution (B. K. Datta, GRG 1 (1970) 19, H. Bondi, GRG 2 (1971) 321)
• 1971 Uniqueness of the Kerr space-time (B. Carter)
• 1971 Spherically symmetric self-similar space-time (M.E. Cahill and A.H. Taub)
• 1971 Black hole no hair conjecture (R. Ruffini and J.A. Wheeler)
• 1971 Primordial black holes (S.W. Hawking, MNRAS 152 (1971) 75, Carr and Hawking, MNRAS 168 (1974) 399)
• 1971 Belinski-Khalatnikov-Lifshitz conjecture (V.A. Belinski, Khalatnikov and E.M. Lifshitz)
• 1972 Hoop conjecture (K.S. Thorne)
• 1972 “Gravitation and Cosmology” (S. Weinberg)
• 1972 Tomimatsu-Sato solution (A. Tomimatsu and H. Sato)
• 1972 Late-time behavior of black hole perturbation (R.H. Price)
• 1973 “The large scale structure of space-time” (S.W. Hawking and G.F.R. Ellis, (Cambridge University Press, England, 1973))
• 1973 “The Classical Theory of Fields” (L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz)
• 1973 “Gravitation” (C.W. Misner, K.S. Thorne and J.A. Wheeler)
• 1973 Shell-crossing naked singularity (Yodzis, Seifert and Müller zum Hagen, CMP34 (1973) 135-148)
• 1973 Black hole entropy (J.D. Bekenstein)
• 1973 Slowly rotating relativistic stars (J.B. Hartle)
• 1973 Ellis-Bronnikov wormhole (H.G. Ellis, JMP14 (1973) 104, Bronnikov (1973))
• 1973 Four laws of black hole mechanics (J. M. Bardeen, B. Carter, and S. W. Hawking, CMP31, 161-170 (1973))
• 1974 Generalized second law of thermodynamics (J.D. Bekenstein)
• 1974 Hawking radiation (S.W. Hawking, Nature 248 (1974) 30, S.W. Hawking, Comm. Math. Phys. 43 (1975) 199)
• 1974 Nonexistence of self-similar primordial black holes in a radiation universe (B.J. Carr and S.W. Hawking)
• 1974 Role of Surface Integrals in the Hamiltonian Formulation of General Relativity (T. Regge and C. Teitelboim, Annals of Physics 88, 286 (1974))
• 1975 Quasi-normal oscillation of black holes (S. Chandrasekhar and S. Detweiler)
• 1975 Collisional Penrose process (Piran, Shaham, and Katz)
• 1977 Blandford-Znajek process (Blandford and Znajek)
• 1978 Particle creation from naked singularigies (L.H. Ford and L. Parker)
• 1978 Nonexistence of self-similar primordial black holes in a stiff-fluid universe (G.V. Bicknell and R.N. Henriksen)
• 1979 Naked singularity formation in the LTB solution (D.M. Eardley and L. Smarr)
• 1979 Inflationary cosmology with higher derivative terms (A. Starobinsky)
• 1979 Strong cosmic cencership hypothesis (R. Penrose)
• 1980 “Exact solutions of Einstein's field equations” (D. Kramer, H. Stephani, M. MacCallum and E. Herlt)
• 1980 Gauge-invariant cosmological perturbation (J.M. Bardeen)
• 1981 Entropy bound (J.D. Bekenstein)
• 1981 Inflationary cosmology with a scalar field (A.H. Guth, K. Sato)
• 1981 Experimental black hole evaporation (W. G. Unruh)
• 1981 Positive energy theorem (E. Witten)
• 1982 “Quantum fields in curved space” (N.D. Birrel and P.C.W. Davies)
• 1983 Chaotic inflation (A. Linde)
• 1983 “Black Holes, White Dwarfs, and Neutron Stars” (S.L. Shapiro and S.A. Teukolsky)
• 1983 No-boundary boundary condition (J.B. Hartle and S.W. Hawking, Phys. Rev. D28 (1983) 2960)
• 1984 Naked singularity formation theorem in the LTB solution (D. Christodoulou)
• 1984 “General Relativity” (R.M. Wald)
• 1985 “A First Course in General Relativity” (B.F. Schutz)
• 1986 Ashtekar variables (A. Ashtekar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2244 (1986))
• 1987 Naked singularity formation in self-similar gravitational collpse (A. Ori and T. Piran)
• 1988 Wormholes and interstellar travel (M. S. Morris and K. S. Thorne)
• 1988 Wormholes and time machines (M. S. Morris, K. S. Thorne and U. Yurtsever)
• 1989 Mass inflation (E. Poisson and W. Israel)
• 1992 “Theory and Exprement in Gravitational Physics” (C.M. Will)
• 1992 “General Relativity” (H. Sato and H. Kodama) (in Japanese)
• 1993 Critical behavior in gravitational collapse (M.W. Choptuik)
• 1993 Self-similarity hypothesis (B. J. Carr)
• 1993 Global nonlinear stability of the Minkowski space (D. Christodoulou and S. Klainerman)
• 1995 Renormalization group and critical behavior in gravitational collapse (T. Koike, T. Hara, S. Adachi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (1995) 5170-73)
• 2000 Classification of spherically symmetric perfect fluid solutions (B.J. Carr and A.A. Coley, Phys. Rev. D62 (2000) 044023)
• 2003 “Gravity” (J.B. Hartle)
• 2004 “A Relativist's Toolkit: The Mathematics of Black-Hole Mechanics” (E. Poisson)
• 2006 “An Introduction to General Relativity and Cosmology” (J. Plebanski and A. Krasinski)
• 2007 “Gravitational Waves: Vol.1 Theory and Experiments” (M. Maggiore)
• 2015 Direct detection of gravitational waves (B.P. Abbott et al., PRL 116, 061102 (2016))
• 2018 “Gravitational Waves: Vol.2 Astrophysics and Cosmology” (M. Maggiore)